European classical, popular, and traditional musics, with particular attention to way in which music mirrors, negotiates, and contests ideas about and practices of national and other forms of identity, ideas developed in other domains of discourse and practice such as philosophy, history, literature, art, and folklore. Examination of way musicians, ordinary people, and politicians have used music to affect political processes involved in contesting and resolving tensions created between and among these identity formations. Historical period coverage primarily from 19th and 20th centuries, with examples from all over European continent.